Gaokao: vetor de mobilidade social ou guardião do elitismo?
Resumo
Este artigo dá continuidade à análise dos dados coletados em 2007, com o intuito de verificar se o Gaokao facilitou a mobilidade social ascendente na China. A primeira parte analisa dados nacionais e regionais sobre as tendências de mudança do exame, o acesso a diferentes tipos de universidades e a manutenção das oportunidades de acesso às instituições de elite para grupos sociais privilegiados. A segunda parte investiga o impacto do exame, rastreando, ao longo de 14 anos, três entrevistados codificados como Gaokao-campeão, Gaokao-perdedor e Gaokao-medíocre. Comparando os resultados que obtiveram no exame com as trajetórias profissionais subsequentes e o status social, destacam-se dois aspectos: 1) o Gaokao promove a ideologia da meritocracia e promete mobilidade social ascendente por meio da expansão das oportunidades de educação superior; 2) por detrás do aspecto meritocrático, está o aprofundamento da desigualdade social em todos os níveis, desde a renda até o status de hukou e as redes sociais. Essa desigualdade mantém as oportunidades e as redes de elite. O Gaokao serve para legitimar privilégios, justificar as promessas quebradas de mobilidade social ascendente e normalizar a sensação de desvalorização e inutilidade daqueles de origem rural e da classe trabalhadora.
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